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July 6, 2008

Opinion: The smart home for the homeless:
Nesting Dolls
Photo courtesy of lycid

As part of the graduate course on Ubiquitous Computing the students were asked to design a smart home for the homeless. Below is the response from Mo Monibi, posted with his permission. Here is what Mo has in mind for a homeless woman living in L.A.:

"To design smart home technologies for a homeless person, we first must understand what “home” would mean for that person. There are many ways we can look at this issue, all greatly varying depending on the homeless individual. Home might be the place where they spend the night, which could be a homeless shelter, an abandoned building, or a bench in a park. Home might be the place where they go to eat, to be with people and feel part of a family, the place they go to wind down and relax. These could each be in different locations, but we could all consider them all part of a larger “home”. For many homeless individuals, home may simply be the streets.

What we interpret to be the home will be a major factor in our design. But in designing smart home technologies, the space/place called home is not all that matters. In fact, this is overshadowed by another factor, the lifestyle of the dwellers. What matters is how people engage in and with the said space/place. So in the case of a homeless person, it’s not enough to know the places she inhabits, but we need to understand what she does in them that transform them from a generic place into “home”.

An interesting set of questions that may be of significance in talking about homes of the homeless, but  might not arise in more typical studies of the home, are those that begin with “why”. Traditionally, for  the general population, the space/place of home is first inhabited, and engagement and interaction are  created around that. There may be some opportunity for choice initially, when making the decision to  purchase or rent a specific house or apartment, but this choice doesn’t compare to how homeless  people come to chose and inhabit the places that form their home. So it becomes important to ask  questions like: Why is she sleeping on a bench in the park, and not seeking a homeless shelter? Why this  bench over here, and not the one on the other side of the park? Why spend time in such and such  streets, and not in others? And so on. This line of inquiry can extend to the lifestyle. The truth about  typical lifestyles is that they are often based on generic models provided by society. The lifestyles of  different middle class individuals or families living in Orange County do not differ much compared to  each other, they all largely follow the same model. The same can be said of the lifestyles of upper class  individuals in New York City, and of nearly any other population. But there are far fewer models for the  homeless “lifestyle”, and even less incentive or enforcement for them to follow particular models. So  again, we must ask question of why. 

Yet another question that needs to be answered before we set about designing technologies for the  homeless is what the goal is. Do we wish to provide technologies that will help support and sustain  homelessness, or is the goal helping the get off the street? The homeless person may be an addict. Do  we take a user‐centered approach and design technologies that help find the cheapest drugs? Do we  want to focus on the homeless person’s needs, or the desires of the community she inhabits? 

The above questions and issues are just a few examples of the considerations that must go into the  design of technology for the homeless. For the sake of this writing, we must make some assumptions  regarding these issues. I will make these assumptions based on (1) the exam question and photograph  provided, (2) some of the descriptions provided by Le Dantec and Edwards in their CHI 2008 paper, and  (3) my personal observations and ideas. I will assume the homeless woman we are designing for is in her  thirties, is childless, is homeless because of poverty and a addiction problem, is trying to overcome her  addiction, relies on medical services and prescription medicine, receives life‐assistance from some  organization, has some earnings from recycling bottles and cans on a daily basis, and often spends  nights in shelters, but also sleeps in public areas. 

The first technology I propose is the “homeless house alarm”. This technology aims to address the need  of a homeless woman for security and protection during times she spends sleeping in public non‐safe  areas. The proposed device would consist of an element containing motion and proximity sensors, and  an element containing the alarm speaker. When settling down to sleep in a location that has  questionable security, the user would place the sensing unit in an appropriate location (e.g. on the  ground in front of her, or mounted on the backrest of a bench using the optional Velcro strap), and the  speaker component would be in the form of a bracelet (again made of Velcro to provide flexibility for  use in different ways).   

Whenever the sensing unit detects a person approaching and entering the “cautionary zone” of our  user, the speaker begins emitting a low volume alarm meant to awaken the user. If the person continues  to approach and enters the “alarm zone”, the speaker emits a full blown alarm, meant to attract outside  attention and scare off the intruder. Deactivation of the alarm will be simple yet hidden, to prevent  discovery by the intruder, but also to enable quick deactivation in case of a false alarm. The decision to  separate the sensing and speaker elements was made as another precaution, to make the source of the  sound more difficult to discover and disable.  

The second technology I propose is a device that will quickly determine if a public trashcan contains any  recyclable bottles or cans. This proposal assumes that in the near future, RFID chips will replace or  complement barcodes on all merchandise and packaging, including beverage containers. The device will  simply be an RFID reader with reasonable range, combined with a database of the RFID tags of common  products with recyclable containers. This will allow the user to quickly “scan” a trashcan to discover if it  contains anything with recycling value, instead of rummaging through the garbage and finding nothing,  saving time and avoiding frustration. 

Finally, the third technology I propose aims to help with addiction rehabilitation. This process frequently  is done through programs such as Narcotics Anonymous, and usually includes a relationship with a  counselor or sponsor. My proposal here is to automatically establish contact between the user and the  sponsor in case a potential relapse is detected. This would involve the user carrying a GPS device that  detects if the user is within the vicinity of known drug distribution spots, and notifies the sponsor so  they could get in touch with the user immediately and provide support and talk her out of going through  with it. 

This idea obviously depends on many assumptions. The first is that the user actually wishes to overcome  the addiction and is willingly participating in the programs. Based on this, the user would need to  divulge the locations they are likely to visit to get hold of drugs in case of a relapse.The next assumption  is that the user would carry the device with them at all times. This could be made further likely by  including this functionality as part of a useful device, such as a cell phone. It also requires that the user  answer the call of the sponsor, and be willing to discuss her situation, rather than entirely ignoring it. I  believe that many relapses can be prevented if there is someone there for the user to talk to and ask for  support. An important matter that needs to be noted is that the GPS device is not used for tracking the  user in any way, and the location is not divulged to the sponsor or other parties through this device. The  device simply notifies the sponsor that she should contact the user; everything else is left up to their  own negotiations. This helps with the acceptance of the technology, as it doesn’t intrude on the user’s  privacy and leaves her in control. 

The relationship between our homeless user and infrastructure is a curious one. From some  perspectives, one can say that our user is living “off the grid”, as she is not making use of most  infrastructure services in the typical manner. But this doesn’t mean she depend on infrastructure. We  will explore this relationship further based on the technologies proposed above. 

The simplest example of a need for infrastructure is the power requirements of any device or  technology. In this case, the user is off the grid in the sense that she is not subscribed to any power  company services, and has no permanent access to such services. But she is a user in the sense that she  may make use of power outlets in public locations such as libraries and hospitals, which are part of the  infrastructure. This could be described as the user being subscribed not to the “power infrastructure”,  but rather the “public locations infrastructure”. In any case, due to the difficulties a homeless person  may have in finding a source of electrical power, it’s necessary that any devices designed for them have  alternate methods of recharging, such as solar power or kinetic energy conversion. 

The trashcan scanner proposed above reveals an interesting relationship. The trashcans found  throughout a city can be considered as part of the municipal infrastructure, or more specifically, the  municipal waste infrastructure. This infrastructure is typically relied upon for the disposal of waste and  unwanted material.  But our homeless user relies on the very same infrastructure in a very different  way. For her, this infrastructure helps support her recycling earnings. In designing the trashcan scanner,  we need to consider this infrastructure and its qualities. Even details such as the material public  trashcans are built of can affect our design. 

The sponsor notifier has the most obvious connection with infrastructure in that it needs a  communication channel between the user and the sponsor. Given our current technologies, the cellular  phone infrastructure appears to be best suited for this. Based on the studies in the Le Dantec and  Edwards paper, it’s not entirely unreasonable for a homeless person to carry a cell phone. If this isn’t  possible for the user, it may be possible for the organization supporting her in the rehabilitation to  provide a specialized cell phone that only allows for contact with the sponsor. 

In designing the three technologies described, I tried to take into account the design principles laid out  by the embodied interaction perspective. I designed the technologies so they would fit in with the users  existing practices as much as possible. The designs leave much of the interpretation of their interactions  with the devices open, in particular with the trashcan scanner and the sponsor notifier. In the case of  the sponsor notifier, even the determination of sensitive locations is left up to the user, which means  that the system can be reappropriated for many other situations as the user desires.  "  

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[Commentary] Posted by djp3 at 1:38 PM | Comments (3)

It is indeed a growing problem for the homeless in trying to overcome their addiction issues with alcohol and drugs. Today, drug users have many options but unfortunately what are call drug rehab centers only cater to those that can afford them. Hence, once again the homeless are left out of one of the best treatment methods available in our society. Better methods are needed today to help the homeless with their addictions. We have solutions that have been proven to work. Bottom line is we need these kind of solutions available now for the homeless, not next year!

Posted by: Drug Rehab Man at August 7, 2008 11:08 PM

Community help for the homeless is very important in our society today. With the advances available today, many cities and towns around the country could offer drug rehab and addiction treatment centers to help the numerous homeless find care and solutions for their addictions that hinder them from having more productive lives. This can honestly be achieved with the modern addiction therapies available today and the smart home concepts you've discussed.

Posted by: Drug Rehab Man at August 11, 2008 8:44 PM

Community help for the homeless is very important in our society today. With the advances available today, many cities and towns around the country could offer drug rehab and addiction treatment centers to help the numerous homeless find care and solutions for their addictions that hinder them from having more productive lives. This can honestly be achieved with the modern addiction therapies available today and the smart home concepts you've discussed.

Posted by: Drug Rehab Man at August 11, 2008 8:44 PM

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